In Russia’s shadow: The Baltics wait for Europe’s strategic new railway

The three Baltic states got here up with the concept years in the past for a high-speed railway spanning 870km (540 miles) throughout Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Rail Baltica started as a grand venture, but it surely has now turn into a strategic crucial: since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the Baltics more and more view their neighbour as an existential menace.

Currently, there isn’t a direct hyperlink that crosses the Baltics and connects with Poland.

Rail Baltica will do this, reducing journey time and bringing financial and environmental advantages, however the prices of this formidable scheme are mounting.

Meanwhile, Baltic states and their Nato allies want the railway in place quick.

Estonia’s Infrastructure Minister Vladimir Svet mentioned the rail hyperlink is important amid the Russian struggle in Ukraine.

“History is repeating itself,” he mentioned. “Putin’s aggressive regime is trying to recreate an imperial project on the territory of the former Soviet bloc.”

The memory of decades of Soviet occupation is still fresh in the Baltics. Moscow deported hundreds of thousands of people from the region to Siberia.

Estonia and Latvia share land borders with Russia, while Lithuania is adjacent to the Russian enclave Kaliningrad, which also shares a border with Poland, and Moscow’s close ally, Belarus.

About 10,000 Nato soldiers are currently stationed in the Baltics, alongside local troops. Their total number could reach 200,000 in a worst-case scenario.

“Rail Baltica will increase military mobility and allow trains to go directly from the Netherlands to Tallinn,” Cmdr Peter Nielsen, from Nato’s Force Integration Unit, mentioned.

For Estonia’s infrastructure minister, the railway is “an unbreakable link with the networks of Europe”.

Not far from the Estonian capital, Tallinn, at the tip of the railway, dozens of workers are welding and hammering away at the new Ülemiste passenger terminal.

“This will be the network’s most northern point, the starting point of 215km of railway in Estonia and 870km across the three Baltic States,” said Anvar Salomets, CEO of Rail Baltica Estonia, stepping carefully across the embryonic platforms.

Until now, the Baltics have used a Russian track width because their rail system dates back to the Soviet era.

Passengers have to change trains to the European system when they get to the Polish border.

The new network will use the European railway track width and connect seamlessly with railways across the EU.

“The trains will run at up to 250km/h (155mph) compared with 80 or 120km/h (50 or 74mph) right now,” Salomets added.

That means journey times from Tallinn to the Lithuanian capital, Vilnius, will be massively reduced, from at least 12 hours now to under four.

“It’ll be a game-changer, decreasing the environmental impact across our whole transport sector,” says Salomets, who foresees big economic benefits.

Recent analysis for the Rail Baltica consortium estimates the overall economic boost at €6.6bn (£5.5bn).

“The vast majority of studies of existing high speed rail systems show a positive economic impact,” said Adam Cohen of the University of California at Berkeley.

But those benefits will not appear overnight and there is growing concern at the spiralling cost. Developers’ estimates have increased fourfold since 2017 and now stand at €24bn.

So far, the EU has subsidised 85% of the project and has just announced another €1.1bn.

Estonia and Latvia have also come under criticism for focusing on putting up the rail terminals first before they build the mainline.

French engineer Emilien Dang, whose RB Rail oversees the project, blamed recent global crises for the big spike in costs: “Our initial estimate hadn’t taken into account the Covid pandemic and high inflation – and the situation in Ukraine has dramatically increased the cost of material.”

As he walked across a big new terminal in the Latvian capital Riga, he also cited cultural issues.

“The view from France, wrongly, is that the Baltics are one unit. But they are three countries, with different regulations.”

The Baltic states have decided to split the project into two phases. The first, costing €15bn, will have a single instead of double track laid by 2030 and focus on the most important train stops.

The second track and additional train stations are to be completed as part of a second phase with no specific completion date yet.

The soaring costs have prompted the states to scale back some of their ambitions.

“We can further scale back the scope of phase one, for example by connecting Riga airport at a later stage,” said Andris Kulbergs, who chairs a Latvian parliamentary committee investigating the project.

As billions of euros for the first phase are yet to be secured, that might be necessary.

Estonia’s national auditor Janar Holm believes several more years of delays are likely: “We have to find the funds to build this railway now or it’ll be even more expensive.”

The country’s infrastructure minister, Vladimir Svet, insisted “we’re reducing the price range as a lot as doable, we’ve rationalised the general public procurement course of and, if mandatory, we’ll tackle a mortgage.”

“If we want to preserve our culture and feel secure about our freedom, there is no other way than being in a strong EU, Nato and international community that supports international law,” he added.

For the three Baltic states that broke freed from the Soviet Union to hitch the EU and Nato, Rail Baltica might function a lifeline – if it manages to remain on observe.